Campbell Island/Motu Ihupuku is the uninhabited subantarctic island in New Zealand, and the main island of the Campbell Island group. It covers 112.68 square kilometers (43.51 sq mi, mi) of this group 113.31 km 2 (43.75 sq mi, mi), and is surrounded by many piles, rocks and islands such as Dent Island, Folly Island (or the Folly Islands), Isle de Jeanette-Marie, and Jacquemart Island, the last being the southernmost tip of New Zealand. The island is mountainous, rising to over 500 meters (1,640 feet) south. A long fjord, Perseverance Harbor, almost splits it, opens into the sea on the east coast.
Campbell Island is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Video Campbell Island, New Zealand
Histori
Campbell Island was discovered in 1810 by Captain Frederick Hasselborough of the Perseverance sealing brig, owned by a company headquartered in Sydney Campbell Campbell Campbell & Co. (from which island name). Captain Hasselborough sank on 4 November 1810 at Perseverance Harbor.
The island became a base for seal hunting, and seal populations were almost completely eradicated. The first sealing boom ended in the mid-1810s. The second was a brief revival in the 1820s. The boom of whaling was extended here in the 1830s and 40s. In 1874, the island was visited by a French scientific expedition intending to see the transit of Venus. Most of the island topography is named after the aspect, or people connected with, the expedition.
In 1883 an American schooner of Sarah W. Hunt, a papal hunter, was near Campbell Island. Twelve men in two small submarines headed to the island in bad weather looking for seals. One of the boats disappeared, and another boat with six people on top managed to land. Sanford Miner, captain of Sarah W. Hunt, assumed that all the whalers were missing, and set sail for Lyttelton, New Zealand. Fortunately for the stranded whalers, seal protection boats, Kekeno, accidentally arrived on the island, and rescued the travelers. The behavior of the captain caused an international scandal.
At the end of the 19th century, the island became a pastoral lease. Goat farming was carried out since 1896 until the lease, along with sheep and a small herd of cattle, was abandoned in 1931 due to the Great Depression.
In 1907, a group of scientists spent eight days on island group surveys. The Expedition of the 1907 Sub-Antarctic Islands conducted a magnetic survey and also took botanical, zoological, and geological specimens.
During World War II, a coastal surveillance station operated at Tucker Cove on the northern coast of Perseverance Harbor as part of the Cape Expedition program.
Following the passage of the Claims Settlement Act of 1998, the island's name was officially converted into Campbell Island/Motu Ihupuku.
Amateur radio propaganda organized by the Hellenic Amateur Radio Association of Australia visit Campbell Island during November-December 2012. The team consists of ten amateur radio operators from around the world, NZ Ministry Conservation Officers and six crew members including captains on the sailing ship "Evohe". The DXpedition ZL9HR team made 42,922 on-air contacts during the eight-day operation period.
Maps Campbell Island, New Zealand
Weather Station
After World War II, the coastal surveillance facility was used as a meteorological station until the summer of 1957/58, when a new base was established in Beeman Cove, a few hundred yards further east. The new location provides better exposure to weather instruments, especially wind recording, and more modern accommodation for up to 12 full-time staff.
The new meteorological station (WMO ID 93944) at Beeman Cove is operated by the New Zealand government with ten full-time staff. Each team made a 12-month expedition to the island to conduct three hourly weather reports and twice-daily radiosonde flights using hydrogen-filled balloons. The weather report was broadcast back to New Zealand using HF radio to ZLW Wellington Radio. In addition to its main objective as a meteorological station, station staff also measured the earth's magnetic field, ionosphere and aurora australis, and captured Albatross milkfish and whales, especially Southern Southern whales for New Zealand's Wildlife Service.
In April 1992, weather station staff snorkeling in Northwest Bay when one of them, Mike Fraser, was attacked by a large white shark about 30 meters from the beach in Middle Bay. Fraser made it back to the beach with the help of one of his team, Jacinda Amey, after suffering severe injuries to both arms. The team kept Fraser alive in the bay, about 4 kilometers from the main base, while the rescue helicopter from Taupo, was called and made an emergency flight to the island to repatriate him to Invercargill Hospital. This is the world's oldest single helicopter engine rescue. Jacinda Amey was awarded the New Zealand Cross, New Zealand's supreme courageous medal for civilians, to help injured members of the team from the water. Rescue helicopter pilot, John Funnell, was awarded the New Zealand Medal of Courage.
In 1995, station staff were permanently withdrawn when the manual weather monitoring program was replaced by the Automatic Weather Station, and the top air sound stopped. Today regular visits to the island are conducted by the Royal Navy of New Zealand to maintain weather stations and transport conservation staff conducting field research. Other visitors to the island include a summer time eco-boat cruises.
The Campbell Island weather station remains a very important source of weather observation in the southern oceans of New Zealand.
In May 2018, scientists in New Zealand documented what they believe to be the largest wave ever recorded in the Southern Hemisphere to date. The 23.8 meters (78 feet) (78 feet) wave was measured by a weather buoy near Campbell Island.
Legend The Lady of the Heather
The Lady of the Heather is the title of romantic novel by Will Lawson. This novel is a mixture of fact and fiction that describes the incidents surrounding the death of Captain Hasselburg on Campbell Island. The story is about a princess Bonnie Prince Charlie, exiled to Campbell Island after she was suspected of treason against Jacobite's cause. His character was inspired by Elizabeth Farr. Farr is probably what is now called the "ship girl", but the presence of a European woman in this remote place, and her death, spawns the story of The Lady of the Heather.
The accident happened when William Tucker was present at Aurora. Tucker is another unusual character in the sealing era that became the source of legends and novels. The remarkable remoteness and appearance of the sealing place, whether on New Zealand land or subantarctic islands, and the earliest place of sealing era in Australasian European history, supplies elements for romance and legend that are not generally present in the colonial history of the area.
Climate
Campbell Island has a maritime tundra climate (KÃÆ'¶ppen ET ). The island only receives 647 hours of bright sunshine every year and can expect less than an hour of sunlight in 215 days (59%) this year. The summit of the island is often obscured by clouds. It has an annual rainfall of 1,329 millimeters (52.3 inches), with rain, especially light rain or drizzle, falling on average 325 days a year. It is a windy place, with gusts of more than 96 kilometers per hour (50 kn; 60 mph) occurring at least 100 days each year. Small daily and annual temperature variations with an average annual temperature of 7 ° C (44.6 ° F) rarely rise above 12.1 ° C (53.8 ° F). The hottest ever recorded temperatures are 21.2 Â ° C (70.2 Â ° F) and the coldest is -7.9 Â ° C (17.8 Â ° F).
Flora and fauna
Coleoptera
- Carabidae
- Kenodactylus audouini
- Oopterus clivinoides
- Oopterus marrineri [endemis]
- ? Laemostenus complanatus [introduced, established?]
Important Bird Area
Campbell Island is the most important breeding ground of the southern kingdom albatrosses. The island is part of a group of Campbell Island, the Important Bird Region (IBA), identified by BirdLife International because of its significance as a breeding ground for several species of seabirds as well as Campbell and Campbell endemic birds.
The most remote tree
The most remote tree in the world is believed to be on Campbell Island, a 100 year old pine tree. The nearest tree is over 222 kms away in Auckland Islands. This tree is believed to have been introduced by Lord Ranfurly between 1901 and 1907. The tree has been proposed as a marker of a golden spike to begin the anthroposine age.
Preservation
In 1954, the island was confirmed as a nature reserve. Feral Campbell Island cattle were eliminated around 1984 and wild Campbell Island sheep were destroyed during the 1970s and 1980s, with their final destruction in 1992. In 2001, brown mice (Norwegian rats) were eradicated from the island it was almost 200 years after their introduction. This is the largest rat eradication program in the world. The island's free rat status was confirmed in 2003. Since eradication, vegetation and invertebrates have recovered, seabirds have returned and teal Campbell, the world's rarest duck, has been reintroduced. An undisclosed cyanoramphus parakeet was discovered (in bone fossils) in 2004, along with an eagle. Other indigenous birds include New Zealand pipes and Campbell snipe, race or snake species Coenocorypha found only in 1997. Snipe survives on Jacquemart Island and begins recolonizing the main island after the rat has been removed.
Marine mammals have shown a gradual recovery in recent decades. Sea lions and seals of the southern elephant began to re-colonize the island. Some southern southern whales still enter the bay in winter to winter or childbirth, especially in Northwest Bay and Perseverance Harbor, but in much smaller numbers than in the Auckland Islands. Historically, fin whales are accustomed to inhabiting near the shore.
This area is one of five groups of subantarctic islands designated as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO.
Research
To mark the 200th anniversary of its discovery, Campbell Island Bicentennial Expedition (CIBE) was conducted from December 2010 to February 2011. The research expedition is the largest multidisciplinary expedition to the island for over 20 years, and aims to document human history on the island. , assesses the recovery of invertebrate fauna and flora fauna since the sheep removal and the largest rat rat removal program in the world, studied the much-flung but slightly understood stream of islands and characterized the unusual river fauna, and reconstructed past environmental conditions and concluded long-term climate change from finding nuclei sediment.
The expedition is run by 50 Degrees South Trust, a charitable organization founded for further research and education in New Zealand's Subantarctic Islands, and to support the conservation and management of this World Heritage ecosystem. Expeditions and program results can be followed on the CIBE website.
See also
- Campbell teal
- Megaherbs
- Campbell Island group
- New Zealand subantarctic Island
- List of Antarctic and Subantarctic islands
- Rat Island, where rats have also been destroyed
References
Gallery
External links
- Topographic map, Campbell Island, NZMS 272/3, Issue 1, 1986.
- A long description of Campbell Island and especially its history
- Landcare Research - Campbell Island
- Campbell Island Bicentennial Expedition
- Key Identification of Campbell Fresh Water Fish Invertebrates
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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