Earthbag Construction is a cheap method of using most of the local land to create a robust structure and can be quickly constructed.
It is a natural building technique developed from historic military bunker construction techniques and methods of making temporary flood retaining embankments. This technique requires very basic construction materials: sturdy bags filled with organic materials are usually available on site.
Standard earthbag filler material has internal stability. Either a moist subsoil that contains enough clay to become cohesive when solidified, or water-resistant angular gravel or crushed volcanic rock is used. The walls are gradually constructed by putting bags in the course - forming a staggered pattern similar to brick fitting.
The walls can be curved or straight, vaulted with soil or on top with a conventional roof. The curved walls provide good lateral stability, forming a round room and/or a domed ceiling like an igloo.
Buildings with straight walls longer than 5 m (16.4 ft) in length require intersecting walls or supporting supports. International standards exist to strengthen wall sizes and distances for soil construction in various types of earthquake risk areas, especially the New Zealand performance-based standards recommended by ASTM International building standards. Static shear testing indicates that soil pockets can achieve strengths similar to New Zealand's reinforced adobe standards with particular strength and strengthening of soil even if unrefined soil can help have lower shear strength than non-reinforced adobe.
To increase the friction between the bag and the tensile strength of the barbed wire walls are usually placed between the programs. The threads are also sometimes wrapped around the bag to tie one course to the next, to hold the developing structure together and maintain a good course on barbed wire thorns. Rebar can be hammered into the wall to amplify the angle and open the edges and provide resistance to overturning.
The structure is usually finished with plaster, cement cement on a strong mesh layer or adobe or lime plaster, to release water and prevent UV fabric damage.
This construction technique is one of the most versatile natural building methods and can be used for benches, free standing walls, emergency shelters, temporary or permanent houses, or barns and commercial buildings. Earthbags are often selected for many small to medium sized institutional structures in developing countries. Basic soil structures include underground and bermedi dwellings (such as Earthships), water tanks, spring boxes, root warehouses, and retaining walls can be constructed with stable soil filling or with additional strengthening and waterproof gravel or sand.
Video Earthbag construction
Pengembangan Earthbag
Superadobe
While Gernot Minke, professor of land architecture of Germany, first developed a technique using bags filled with pumice for building walls, architects and builders Nader Khalili who first popularized the construction of ground pockets (especially for residential buildings).
Khalili called his technique superadobe, because he filled the bag with a dampened adobe soil. The building at Cal Earth Institute in Hesperia, CA, which he founded in 1991, includes domed domes and domes. Khalili spearheaded the approval of the earthbag dome codes for earthquake risk areas. Several books and videos have been produced by the institute to demonstrate its method, but a number of other individuals and groups are now offering training workshops.
Writers
Although Joseph Kennedy may have invented the term earthbag (and also the contained earth), Paulina Wojciechowska wrote the first book on earthbag building topics in 2001: Building with the Earth: A Guide to Earthbag Construction Flexible Forms. Kelly Hart developed a massive online database of land bag information that encourages sharing of ideas. Hunter's legs and Doni Kiffmeyer worked on various projects after studying with Khalili, calling the 'flexible shape earthbag' that hit the Earth. Their 2004 book, Earthbag Building: Tools, Tricks, and Techniques are available in ebook form.
Free online books have been developed by different authors, including Owen Geiger and Patti Stouter. These include structural research and field testing techniques developed for rural areas
E-book 2011 by Geiger, Earthbag Building Guide: Vertical Walls Step-by-Step, provides photo illustrations of the process and discussion of new techniques for low-risk areas.
Promoter
Much like Akio Inoue, from Tenri University in Japan and Scott Howard from Earthen Hand have tested and built the building. Hart, with Geiger encouraging the development of soil pockets into appropriate forms of culture and climate.
Dr. South Africa's John Anderton has tested a version of a triple trunk that reduces the degenerative problems attached to non-cohesive fillers such as sand, and pioneers work on a narrow wall containing a sand system that he calls E-khaya.
Brazilian Fernando Pacheco pioneered the use of lighter HDPE mesh pipes for simpler hyperadobe walls.
Rebuilding after natural disasters and in low-income areas around the world has included soil pockets. Though heavy earthen walls are usually dangerous in an earthquake, a 2015 spring earthquake in Nepal leaves ground buildings in good condition near destroyed buildings.
Engineer Nabil Taha developed the first general specification for one type of exterior pining reinforcement suitable for the highest seismic risk zone. Some engineering students have tested the earthbags of unprotected or low strength, and Build Simple has tested cohesive walls that have healed. Organizational development in Nepal is currently working with engineers to improve and improve the strengthening options for earthquake resistant bags.
Maps Earthbag construction
Construction methods
Construction usually begins by digging trenches into undisturbed mineral soil layers, some of which are filled with rock and/or gravel to create the foundations of trench debris. In areas at high risk of earthquakes, reinforced concrete foundations or class beams are required.
Some gravel courses in double wicker bags form a waterproof foundation. Each layer usually has two strands of barbed wire on top, which adhere to the pouch to prevent slippage and resist any tendency to expansion beyond the dome or rectangular wall.
The bag on the path above is offset by 200 mm (8 ") - half of the wall width of 450 mm (15") - similar to running a bond in a masonry. Bags can be pre-filled with materials and hardened, or bags or tubes filled. The weight of the soil contents locks the pockets in place on the barbed wire below. A lightweight tamping of a pouch or tube consolidates contents containing moist clay and creates a bag or tube attached to the barbed wire.
Container type
Solid-weave polypropylene is the most popular, available worldwide for transporting rice or other grains. Polypropylene is cheap and water-resistant, rotten, and insect resistant. Tubes are often available from manufacturers that sew them into bags. The mesh tube of soft poly knitted fiber is also used, although a rigidly extruded mesh or woven mesh bag can also be used.
Organic/natural ingredients such as hemp, burlap (such as "gunny sack") can be used. Since these can decompose, they should only be used with cohesive fill (containing significant proportions of clay) that form denser masses when compacted.
Terminology
Earthbag is now a varied engineering family. Each type of filler and container has different strength and strengthening requirements.
For hazardous locations, accurate terminology is required. Contained Earth (CE) is based on the original technique, but with specific strength and strengthening of selected soils for hazard levels. CE uses the contents of a wet, cohesive, and compacted bag, which is strongly bonded with barbed wire and other reinforcement as a wall remedy.
CE is not a 'sandbag'. Contained Sand (CS) uses sand filling or filling too dry or with poor cohesion that structures like sandbags. CS should be built with a weave-dense cloth bag and have good protection from fabric damage, depending on the strength of the bag cloth for wall strength. CS requires more vertical strengthening for shear strength and out-of-plane than CE, or may require structural skin. Some builders use narrow pockets of sand to fill the walls.
Contained Gravel (CG) uses a larger aggregate filling of coarse sand, usually in multiple bags of rice, although a strong net can be used. CG limits moisture transmission from the foundation.
Modular CE is built in bags of grains or similar tubes. The walls rely on the attachment of barbs wire barbs and/or extra pins in between courses. Solid CE is a hyperadobe built in some mesh mesh mesh mesh type knit, so the wet stuffing froze in between the programs.
Bag filler
Generally inorganic materials are used as fillers, but some organic materials (such as rice husks) can be used if a strong matrix such as wire mesh strengthens the plaster.
Land fillers may contain 5 - 50% of clays, and may 'refuse fines,' roadworks, 'engineering contents,' or subsoil. 'Raw' soils or unstable soils stabilize as solid units but can not withstand prolonged immersion. Subsoil with clay mold tightly and attach it to a barbed wire fork and rebar.
Grounding can contain high aggregate proportions, provided it is clamped and heals strongly. Crushed bottles, strong debris, or plastic waste can be used, but high aggregate mixtures can disrupt the insertion of rebar.
Sand, rock and gravel dust can survive in prolonged flood conditions, but most require special buffers during construction as well as some structural skin shapes. Sand filling may be appropriate for some programs to provide a building base of vibration dampers, but becomes unstable in a regular bag above 60 cm-1m (24-39 ").
Stabilization of cement, lime or bitumen may allow clay soil to withstand flooding or allow sand for use in traditional bags with non-structural plaster leather. Since the wall of the soil pouch is usually 38 cm (15 ") thick it takes a large amount of stabilizer.
The nature of thermal insulation is important for climates that experience extreme temperatures. The thermal insulation value of a material is directly related to the material porosity and wall thickness. Crushed volcanic rocks, pumice or rice hulls produce a higher insulating value than clay or sand. Unruly organic untreated materials should not be used as part of structural walls, although they may be used as fillers.
The United Earth Builders have tried a mild straw clay in hyperadobe tubing tubing to form a thick 200 mm (8 ") layer outside the dome.
The soil thermal mass properties meet moderate temperature changes in a climate that experiences high temperature fluctuations from night to day. This thermal flywheel effect makes a great earth wall ideal for mild climates or hot and dry. Clay or sand also has excellent heat retention characteristics and, if properly insulated from the exterior of the house, can serve as a thermal mass in the design of passive solar buildings in cold climates, keeping the interior temperature steady throughout the year.
Structural Strengthening and Performance
Solid CE can be constructed with barbed wire less in low-risk areas because of the solid wall between programs. Earthbag using wicker bags or tubes requires barbed wire for each level of natural hazard because of the slick bag-to-bag surface. Pins between programs do not contribute significant linear out-of-plane forces. The wall of ground bag with barbed wire is more flexible than adobe and can withstand collapse when detailed carefully.
Earthbag weak ground without steel can be half the shear strength of the unboied adobe, which is easily damaged in earthquakes. The New Zealand code and plan details allow the unfixed adobe walls to survive almost 0.6 g of force (proportional to the Ss value for 2% chance of excedance in 50 years), but earthbags require stronger ground to adjust this strength. Earthbag in Nepal outstrips this strength slightly by resisting forces above 0.7 g at the start of 2015. The dome tested in California holds about 1 g of troops, due to the stable form of this less than 7 m (22.9 ') diameter building.
Earthbag's current technique for inserting unbound rebar to the base and overlapping without a connection can only hold 1.2 g or less, even if using very strong ground. Special reinforcement is required
Solid CE from strong soil has a higher shear and exits the plane's power than the modular CE. It also allows the use of mesh for horizontal reinforcement on the side or in a barbed wire.
The gravel or sand contained may have the best performance with the wire wrapped around the sides of the straight wall, alternating with the next path that has a barbed wire wrapped below and above the same straight section. CG base walls in high-risk areas may require additional support at the foundation level where builders can not afford to buy ridges or reinforced concrete footing (RC). The narrow mesh plastic tubes that are often used for erosion control can be filled with gravel to allow for a half circle of concrete ring beneath a wide wall.
Building a house
The roof can be formed gradually tilted into the wall to build the dome. The domed roof can be built on top of the shape. Or beam bonds are used under the traditional roof type. Hip roof, gable-type truss or vigas may be needed to reduce external pressure on the ground wall.
Earth dome is not expensive to build, but their waterproofing is complex or expensive in damp areas.
Windows and doors can be formed with traditional stone lintels or with corbeling or brick-arch techniques, on a temporary shape. Light can also be carried by skylights, glass-coated pipes, or bottles placed between course bags during construction.
Completed
Cover the wall to prevent damage to the bag from UV rays or moisture with cement plaster, or limestone or earth tape. If the wall is 'raw' soil, clumps of soil with straw are used to fill the gaps between pockets or courses. Plaster cover is applied on top.
Overhang roofing is helpful to reduce the need for plaster waterproofing, although the plaster on the lower walls may be stronger and more waterproof than the plaster on the top wall.
Some buildings use "living roofs" planted on the earth ("green roof") to the top of the structure, while others use more conventional skeletons and roofs placed over the walls of the earth's pocket.
Eco-friendly
Earthbag construction uses very little energy compared to other durable construction methods. Unlike concrete, brick or wood, no energy is required to produce the contents of the soil other than collecting the soil. If the soil in place is used, less energy is required for transportation. Unlike rammed ground construction, only human labor is needed to condense the soil lightly. Energy-intensive materials that are being used are plastics (for bags & yarns), steel wire, and perhaps the outer shell of plaster or plastering - are used in relatively small quantities compared to other types of construction, often amounting to less than 5% of building materials. The building lasts long if it is maintained. However, if 'raw' or unstable soils are used as fillers, when the building is no longer usable, the contents of the soil can be recycled into areas of the park, back piles, or new ground buildings.
Use in Disaster Areas
Earthbag building techniques were also explored in Sri Lanka after the 2004 tsunami. Several Earthbag construction projects have been completed in Haiti, mostly after the earthquake. First Steps The Himalayas and other charities have built more than 50 earthbag buildings in Nepal before the April 2015 earthquake. Since then, local builders have flocked to various land-titling training opportunities, including those conducted by Good Earth Nepal, which have caused official acceptance of Nepal's building codes against this technique. The international NPO has built hundreds of earth-filled buildings or earthbags in Nepal as well.
Colonization of the Moon
Khalili proposes using earthbag construction techniques to build structures on the Moon or other planets. Currently, it is quite expensive to lift the mass-positive charge of the Earth. Thus, Khalili techniques seem to be the ideal solution because the required supplies will consist of light pockets and some tools to fill them. He mentioned that such a bag would probably have hook and loop fasteners (hooks and hooks) that had been sewn before instead of barbed wire.
See also
- The earth structure
- Construction of bagwall hull rice
- Green Roof
- Natural building
- Adobe Super
References
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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