The Toyota Mirai (from mirai ( ?? ) , Japanese for "future") is a fuel cell vehicle hydrogen produced by Toyota, one of the first vehicles to be sold commercially. The Mirai was introduced at the Los Angeles Auto Show November 2014. In December 2017, global sales totaled 5,300 Mirais. The top selling market is US with 2,900 units, Japan with 2,100 and Europe with 200.
Under the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) cycle, the 2016 model Mirai has a total range of 502 km (312 mi) in full tank, with a combined city/highway fuel economy rating of 66 mpg -US (Equivalent to MPG), making Mirai the most fuel-efficient hydrogen fuel cell vehicle rated by the EPA, and which another one with the largest range.
Sales in Japan began on December 15, 2014 at a price of ¥ 6.7 million (~ US $ 57,400 ) at Toyota Store and Toyopet Save location. The Japanese government plans to support the commercialization of fuel cell vehicles with a subsidy of US $ 19,600 (sp. Retail sales in the US began in August 2015 at a price of US $ 57,500 before government incentives. Shipments to retail customers begin in California in October 2015. Toyota is scheduled to release Mirai in Northeastern States in the first half of 2016. In June 2016, Mirai is available for retail sales in the UK, Denmark, Germany, Belgium and Norway. The price in Germany starts at EUR60,000 (~ US $ 75.140 ) plus VAT (EUR78,540).
Video Toyota Mirai
History
konsep FCV
Mirai is based on the Toyota FCV-R concept car, which was launched at the 2011 Tokyo Motor Show and the Toyota FCV (Fuel Cell Vehicle) concept car, which was launched at the 2013 Tokyo Motor Show. The FCV concept launched is a bright blue sedan that is shaped like a water droplet "to emphasize that water is the only substance produced by hydrogen cars from its exhaust." FCV has a large grille and other openings to allow air cooling and oxygen intake for use by fuel cells. According to Toyota, the concept of FCV is very similar to the expected production version of the car. FCV Size is similar to Toyota Camry. The FCV range is estimated to be about 700 km (430Ã, mi) below the Japanese JC08 test cycle.
According to Toyota, the FCV has a fuel cell system with a power output density of 3.0 kW/L, which is twice higher than the previous fuel cell concept, the Toyota FCHV-adv, which delivers an output power of more than 100 kW, despite significant unit downsizing. FCV uses light, light, and Toyota's fuel cell stack and two 70 MPa high-pressure hydrogen tanks placed under specially designed bodies. Toyota FCV concept can accommodate up to four passengers. For a full-scale market launch in 2015, the fuel cell system cost is estimated to be 95% lower than that of Toyota FCHV-adv 2008.
The FCV concept also uses part of Toyota Hybrid Synergy Drive technology including electric motors, power control units and other parts and components of hybrid vehicles to improve reliability and minimize costs. Hybrid technology is also used to work with fuel cells. At low speeds like driving in the city, the FCV runs like any electric car by using the energy stored in the battery, which is charged through regenerative braking. At higher speeds, hydrogen fuel cells alone drive electric motors. When more power is required, for example during sudden acceleration, the battery supports the fuel cell system as they work together to provide propulsion.
In June 2014, Toyota exhibited FCV with an approaching exterior design, and announced details on pricing in Japan and fixed its domestic market launch before April 2015 with initial sales limited to areas where hydrogen fueling infrastructure is being developed.
Timeline
- 1992: Toyota begins development of FCV technology.
- 1996: EVS13, FCV with metal hydrogen hydride tank, took part in the parade in Osaka.
- 2001: Toyota features FCHV-4, FCHV-5 fuel-cell cars, and Daihatsu MOVE FCV-K-II at the Tokyo Motor Show.
- 2002: Highlander-based FCHV is available for limited sales in the US and Japan. The fuel cell stock generates 90 kW. The range is 300 km (185 miles). Two FCHVs were sent to the Irvine campus and Davis University of California, four going to government departments in Japan.
- 2003: Toyota and Daihatsu start road testing MOVE FCV-K-II, Kei fuel cell car.
- 2005: FCHV receives certification type in Japan.
- 2008: FCHV-adv has increased the range of 830 km (515 miles) for the 10-15 test cycle and better cold start ability.
- 2009: US government suspends funding for hydrogen fuel cell car.
- 2010: Commercial route of Toyota/Hino FCHV bus service daily between Tokyo Haneda Airport and city center.
- 2011: Satoshi Ogiso, Deputy Chief Officer of the Product Planning Group, stated all technical issues are resolved, saying "the only real problem that still exists in the way of fuel cell electric vehicles is the cost of mass production."
- 2011: Toyota shows FCV concept vehicle, dubbed "FCV-R," at the Tokyo Motor Show.
- 2012: Toyota Chairman Takeshi Uchiyamada says: "The ability of today's electric vehicles does not meet the needs of the community, whether it is the distance a car can run, or the cost, or how long it takes to charge."
- 2013: Reporters are pushing a fuel cell test mule. Toyota showed that refueling took less than three minutes.
- 2013: Toyota displays the FCV sedan at the Tokyo Motor Show.
- June 2014: Toyota shows FCV approaching production to the press. Announce early availability in 2015 in Japan for about ¥ 7,000,000.
- November 2014: Toyota launches press releases and photos detailing production versions of fuel cell vehicles. Also announced is the official model name Mirai which means "future".
- April 2015: Mirai is the first hydrogen fuel cell vehicle to spur NASCAR race at Toyota 400 Ownership in Richmond, USA.
- June 2015: Mirai is a Toyota/Save Mart 350 racing car in Sonoma, USA.
- October 21, 2015: Starts sales and ship in California, the same day as the fusion-powered flying car in the movie Back to the Future Part II times-it runs.
Test
Toyota started the development of fuel cells in Japan in the early 1990s and has developed a series of fuel cell vehicles, which make them more than 1,600,000 km (1,000,000 miles) of road testing.
Since 2012, fuel cell test vehicles have recorded thousands of miles on North American roads. These include hot tests in Death Valley, cold testing in Yellowknife, Canada, steep hill climbs in San Francisco and high altitude rides in Colorado. The carbon fiber hydrogen tank designed by Toyota has also undergone extreme testing to ensure its strength and durability in collisions.
Between September 2015 and February 2016, one Mirai was driven 100,000 km (62,000 miles) in 107 days on various streets in Hamburg, using more than a ton of hydrogen.
Toyota began testing two Mirai fuel cells in a Class 8 electric semi-trailer truck at the Port of Los Angeles in 2017 as part of the Project Portal.
Maps Toyota Mirai
Specifications
Mirai uses Toyota's Fuel Cell System (TFCS), which features fuel cell technology and hybrid technology, and includes Toyota's exclusively developed components including fuel cell stack (FC), FC increase converter, and high pressure hydrogen tank. TFCS is more energy efficient than an internal combustion engine and does not emit CO 2 at the operating point or matter of concern (SOC) when it is moved. The system accelerates Mirai from 0 to 97 km/h (0 to 60 mph) in 9.0 seconds and delivers 3 seconds of time from 40 to 64 km/h (25 to 40 mph). Mirai fueling takes between 3 and 5 minutes, and Toyota estimates a total distance of 480 km (300 miles) in a full tank. Mirai has a button labeled H 2 O that opens the gate behind, removes moisture formed from the hydrogen-oxygen reaction in the fuel cell. Exhaust H 2 O or water volume is 240 mL per 4 km ran.
Fuel economy and range
Under the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) cycle, the 2016 model Mirai has a range of 502 km (312 mi) in a full tank, with a combined city/highway fuel economy rating of 66 mpg -US (3.6Ã, L/100Ã, km; 79Ã, mpg -imp ) equivalent (MPG equivalent). The following table compares Mirai with other FCVs available for rentals in California in November 2016.
Fuel cell stack
The new Toyota FC Stack achieves a maximum output of 114 kW (153 hp). The efficiency of power generation has been enhanced through the use of 3D fine mesh flow channels. These channels - the first in the world, according to Toyota - are structured in a good three-dimensional lattice structure and increase the spread of air (oxygen), thus allowing uniform generation of electricity on the cell surface. This, in turn, provides a compact size and high performance level, including the world's leading power output density of 3.1 kW/L (2.2 times higher than previous Toyota FCHV-adv limited-rent models), or 2 , 0 kW/kg. Each stack consists of 370 (single-line stacking) cells, with a cell thickness of 1.34 mm and a weight of 102 g. The compact FC Mirai compact power is about 160 times larger than the residential fuel cell sold in Japan. Mirai has a high capacity (13 liters), high-capacity, high-capacity converter developed to increase the voltage generated at the Toyota FC Stack up to 650 volts.
High pressure hydrogen tank
Mirai has two hydrogen tanks with a three-layer structure made of carbon fiber reinforced plastic composed of nylon 6 from Ube Industries and other materials. The tank stores hydrogen at 70Ã, MPa (10,000 psi). The tank has a combined weight of 87.5 kg (193 pounds). and capacity of 5 kg.
Motor traction electric and battery
Toyota's latest generation hybrid component is widely used in fuel cell powertrains, including electric motors, power controls and primary batteries. The electric traction motor produces a torque of 113 kilowatts (152Ã, hp) and 335 N m (247Ã, lbf? Ft). Mirai has a sealed nickel-metal hydride (NiCH) rechargeable battery pack that is sealed, similar to that used in Toyota Camry hybrids.
Security
At Toyota Higashi-Fuji Technical Center, Mirai has undergone extensive collision testing to evaluate designs specifically aimed at addressing frontal, side and rear impacts and to provide excellent protection for occupants of vehicles. High collision safety levels have also been achieved to help protect fuel cell stacks and high pressure tanks against body deformation. High pressure hydrogen tanks have excellent hydrogen permeation prevention, strength, and endurance performance. The hydrogen sensor provides a warning and can shut off the tank's main stop valve. The hydrogen tank and other hydrogen related parts are located outside the cabin to ensure that if the hydrogen leaks, it will disappear easily. The vehicle structure is enhanced with a carbon-reinforced polymer from Toray and is designed to disperse and absorb impact energy in parts to ensure high-impact safety performance that protects the Toyota FC Stack and high pressure hydrogen tanks during frontal, side or rear impacts.
Infrastructure
In January 2013, Japan has ten demonstrations of hydrogen fueling stations. Toyota operates these three stations. To support the commercialization of hydrogen fuel cell vehicles by Toyota and other manufacturers, the Japanese government announced its goal to build about 100 hydrogen fueling stations in March 2016 in Japanese cities where vehicles should be launched initially. As of May 2016, there are about 80 hydrogen fueling stations in Japan.
California has ten hydrogen fueling stations by 2015, and the government provides about $ 47 million for 28 additional stations there. By December 2017, there were 19 True Zero hydrogen stations and 33 total hydrogen stations operating in California.
Production
Production of fuel cell parts begins at Toyota Boshoku plant in November 2014.
Market and sales
In January 2015 it was announced that the production of Mirai fuel cell vehicles will increase from 700 units in 2015 to about 2,000 by 2016 and 3,000 by 2017. By December 2017, global sales totaled 5,300 Mirais. The top selling market is US with 2,900 units, Japan with 2,100 and Europe with 200.
Japanese
Sales in Japan begin on December 15, 2014. Prices start at ¥ 6,700,000 (~ US $ 57,400 ) before taxes and government incentives of ¥ 2,000,000 (~ US $ 19,600 ). Initially sales were limited to government and corporate customers. By December 2014, domestic orders had reached more than 400 Mirais, surpassing Japan's first-year sales target, and as a result, there was a waiting list of more than a year. The Mirai dimension places it in the list of higher taxes outlined in Japanese Government dimensions regulations, and vehicle weight is also taxed each year during the annual road tax liability.
The Japanese government also provides a 50% subsidy of the installation fee, with ¥ 7.200 million (~ US $ 61.7 million) allocated for fiscal year 2014. A hydrogen station in Japan valuable Ã, Â 280 million (~
Toyota delivered the first market place Mirai to the Prime Minister's Official Residence and announced to get 1,500 orders in Japan within a month after sales began on December 15, 2014 against 400 sales targets for 12 months. In mid-February 2017, about 1,500 Mirais have been sold in Japan, and a total of around 2,100 by the end of 2017.
United States
The first 57 units shipped to retail customers in California in October and November 2015. Toyota hopes to release Mirai in five Northeast regions in the first half of 2016 because the hydrogen fueling infrastructure is built in the Boston and New York City region. Toyota will provide free hydrogen fuel for the first three years for early Mirai buyers, as Hyundai did for tenants of the Hyundai Tucson-ix35 Fuel Cell in California. Toyota plans a cumulative 3,000 Mirais sales in the US by the end of 2017.
In the US market, Toyota Mirai 2016 model starts at US $ 57,500 before government incentives, and 36 months of lease option is available with $ 3,649 payment and rental rate of $ 499 per month. Some countries have set incentives and tax exemptions for fuel cell vehicles. As a zero-emission vehicle (ZEV), Mirai is eligible for a purchase rebate in California US $ 5,000 through the Clean Rebate Project. The federal tax credit for fuel cell vehicles originally ended on December 31, 2014, but retroactively extended until December 31, 2016. In September 2016, Toyota has reduced payments from US $ 3,649 to US $ 2,499 and the rental price to US $ 349 /month with some benefits, and sell 710 Mirais.
By December 2017, US sales amounted to about 2,900 Mirais. Sales in California pass the 3,000-unit mark in January 2018, of which 31 retail hydrogen stations are in operation, with an additional 12 stations projected to be opened in the state by 2018. Starting January 2018, Mirai sales represent more than 80% of all vehicles hydrogen fuel cells on the road in the United States.
Canada
In January 2018, Toyota Canada announced that Mirai for the Canadian market will first be available in Quebec, in line with provincial government zero-emission vehicle standards adopted in the previous month. Previously, a fleet of 50 Mirai vehicles were tested internally by the Quebec government under the direction of Quebec's Natural Resources Minister, Pierre Morneau. The first public demonstration for the vehicle took place at the Montreal International Auto Show in January 2018. Toyota partnered with, among other agencies, the Ministry of Energy and Hydrology of Quebec, to introduce a hydrogen fueling infrastructure in the province.
Europe
The European market launch is scheduled for September 2015. Britain, Germany and Denmark are the first European countries where Mirai was released, which will be followed by an additional market by 2017. In Germany, prices start at EUR60,000 (~ US $ 75,140 ) plus VAT. In June 2016, Mirai is available for retail sales in the UK, Denmark, Germany, Belgium and Norway. About 200 Mirais have been sold by the end of 2017.
Former European Parliament President Pat Cox estimates that Toyota will initially lose between EUR50,000 and EUR100,000 ( US $ 60,000 to US $ 133,000 at the 2014 exchange rate) on each Mirai sold in 2015.
Recognition
Toyota Mirai won the World Green Car of the Year Award 2016, announced at the 2016 New York International Automotive Exhibition.
Marketing
In 2015, Toyota released a series of video ads for Mirai titled Fueled By... , showing how hydrogen to fuel cells like those used by Mirais can come from unexpected sources. The latter, titled Fueled by the Future , features Michael J. Fox, Christopher Lloyd and the YouTube personality Go Tech Yourself, duplicated as a tribute to Back to the Future franchise and illustrated how the idea of ​​turning waste into fuel (which has been introduced with the "Mr. Fusion" reactor that Dr. Emmett Brown (Lloyd) has generated from the future at the end of the first film) has become a reality. The ad was released on October 21 - the same date in 2015 that Marty McFly (Fox), Jennifer Parker (Claudia Wells/Elizabeth Shue) and Brown travel back into the Future of Part II .
Call back
On February 15, 2017, Toyota pulled out all around 2,800 Mirai zero emissions cars on the road due to problems with output voltages generated by their fuel cell systems. According to Toyota, under unique driving conditions, as if the accelerator pedal is pressed to a wide open throttle position after driving on long descent while using cruise control, it is possible that the output voltage generated by the fuel cell increase converter could exceed the maximum voltage. Toyota dealers announced they will update the fuel cell system software at no cost to customers, claiming the process will take about half an hour.
See also
- List of fuel cell vehicles
- Toyota FCHV
- Toyota FINE series
References
External links
- the official website of Toyota Mirai
- Toyota Fuel Cell Vehicle, official website
- Videos
- Toyota fuel cell - How does it work? (YouTube), November 2014.
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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