The sandhill crane ( Antigone canadensis ) is a species of large cranes of North America and extreme northeastern Siberia. The common name of this bird refers to such a habitat on the Platte River, on the banks of the Nebraska Sandhills in the American Plains. This is the most important stopover area for the nominotypical subspecies, smaller sand cranes ( Antigone canadensis canadensis ), with up to 450,000 birds migrating each year.
The previous sandhill cranes were placed in the genus Grus but molecular phylogenetic studies published in 2010 found that the genus, as defined at the time, was polyphyletic. In the resulting rearrangement to create the monophyletic genera, four species, including sand cranes, are placed in the revived genus Antigone originally founded by the German naturalist Ludwig Reichenbach in 1853. The specific age canadensis is the modern Latin word for "Canada".
Video Sandhill crane
Description
Adults are gray; during breeding, their fur is usually widely worn and tarnished, especially in migratory populations, and looks almost ocher. The average weight of the larger male is 4.57 kg (10.1 pounds), while the average female weight is 4.02 kg (8.9 lbs), with a range of 2.7 to 6.7 â € " € <â €
These cranes often give loud calls, trumpets that indicate "r" rolling in the throat, and they can be heard from a distance. Couples already paired from a crane are involved in "simultaneous calls". Crane stands adjacent, calling a synchronous and complicated duet. The lady made two calls for each man.
Large Sandhill caster grills, typically 1.65 to 2.30 m (5 ft 5 inches to 7 feet 7 inches), make them a highly skilled bird soaring, similar to the hawk and eagle style. Using thermal to gain lift, they can stay high for hours, just need to flap their wings once in a while and consequently expend less energy. Migratory herds of animals contain hundreds of birds, and can create clear lines from the usually invisible (thermal) air column they drive.
Crane cranes fly south for winter. In their winter area, they form a herd of over 10,000. One of these places takes place in the Bosque del Apache National Wildlife Reserve, 100 miles (160 km) south of Albuquerque, New Mexico. The annual Sandhill Crane Festival was held there in November.
Fossil record
The Sandhill Crane has one of the longest remaining fossil histories of any bird. The 10-million-year-old crane fossil from Nebraska is said to belong to this species, but this may have been from a prehistoric or ancestral relative of sand storks and not belonging to the genus of Grus . The oldest 2.5-million-year-old sandhill crane fossil, half as old as the earliest remains of most living bird species, was mainly found after the Pliocene/Pleistocene boundary about 1.8 million years ago. Because these ancient sandhill cranes are as varied as today's birds, the Pliocene fossils are sometimes described as new species. Grus haydeni may be a prehistoric relative, or may consist of sand and ancestral crane material.
Subspecies and evolution
The Sandhill cranes have varying sizes (mostly clinical) and are in habit of migrating. A woman from G. c. canadensis averages 3.46 kg (7.6 Ib), 37 in (94 cm) in length and has a wingspan of 1.6 m (5 ft 3 inches). A man from G. c. tabida averages 5 kg (11 pounds), 119 cm (47 inches) in length and has a wingspan of 2.12 m (6 ft 11 inches). The southern subspecies (along with G. C. Rowani ) are middlemen, roughly according to Bergmann's rules.
Three subspecies are domiciled: G. c. pulla from the US Gulf Coast, G. c. pratensis from Florida and Georgia and G. c. nesiotes from Cuba. The northern population exists as fragmented remains in adjacent United States and large and contiguous populations from Canada to Beringia. It migrates to the southwest United States and Mexico. These cranes are a rare breed in China, South Korea and Japan, and very rare in western Europe.
Six subspecies have been recognized in recent times:
- Smaller sandhill crane, G. c. canadensis
- Cuba sand crusher, G. c. nesiotes - ESA: endangered
- Florida sand crane, G. c. pratensis - ESA: endangered
The Florida sandhill crane is listed as EC or easily confused to facilitate reintroduction of whooping crane ( Grus americana ) to Florida. The attempt failed, but the list remained. The current list of endangered subspecies includes only two birds, G. c. nesiotes and G. c. rowani , with G. c. pratensis is no longer listed.
- Mississippi sandhill crane, G. c. pulla - ESA: Endangered
- Canadian sandhill crane, G. c. rowani
- Larger sand cranes, G. c. tabida
Canadian sandhill cranes are no different and never accepted as valid subspecies. The other can be distinguished more clearly by the measurement and detail of the feather, regardless of the size difference already mentioned. Firm identification often requires location information, which is often impossible in bird migration.
Data analysis of the control area's haplotype mtDNA showed two major lineages. Arctic and subarctic migration populations include lower sandhill cranes. Other lineages can be divided into migrations and some unclear groups that can be matched with the population subspecies. Smaller and larger sandhill cranes are very different, their differences matching around 2.3-1.2 million years ago, some time during the Late Pliocene or Early Pleistocene. Glaciation appears to be fragmented from the founding population of the lower sand crane crane, because in every major ice age, the breeding range is currently frozen throughout the year. However, the much documented cranes of sandhill fossils and subfossils remain appropriate for the modern era. Conceivably, they may be considered different species already, monotypic G. canadensis and larger sandhill cranes, G. pratensis , which will include other populations.
It seems as though slight differences between southern Canada and the western US population resulted from a genetic shift, due to recent population decline and fragmentation ranges. Until the early 20th century, southern migrant birds occupied a much larger and sustainable range. Accordingly, the subspecies G. c. rowani may be abandoned.
The two southern US populations are somewhat different. The Cuban population has been relatively little studied, but seems to have been established on the island for a long time. They and migrating large migrating sandhunts can form distinctly different lineages later in different parts of the southern US and possibly northern Mexico where they live. The populations of southern migrations would then represent a later re-expansion, which (re) evolved their migratory habit independently from northern birds, geographically separated populations thrive when more habitat is available as the last ice age ends.
Maps Sandhill crane
Behavior
Crane Sandhill is a fairly social bird that usually lives in pairs or family groups throughout the year. During migration and winter, unrelated cranes converge to form a "survival group" that feeds and gathers together. Such groups often gather in places of migration and winter, sometimes in the thousands.
Cranhill cranes are primarily herbivores, but feed on a variety of foods, depending on availability. They often feed their bills to the ground as they search for seeds and other foods, in shallow shallow vegetation or highland habitats. Cranes easily eat cultivated foods such as corn, wheat, cottonseed, and sorghum. Corn waste is useful for cranes preparing for migration, giving them nutrients for long trips. Among the sandhill cranes in the north, his diet is most varied, especially among the breeding birds. They feed a variety of berries, small mammals, insects, snails, reptiles, and amphibians.
Crane Crane increases one parent per year. In the nonmigratory population, the placement begins between December and August. In migrating populations, placement usually begins in April or May. Both members of the nursery couple build a nest using plant material from the surrounding area. Site nests are usually swamps, swamps, or swales, although sometimes on dry land. The female spawns one to three (usually two) ovals, a dull brown egg with red marks. Both parents incubate the egg for about 30 days. Children are precocial; they hatch closed, with eyes open, and able to leave the nest in a day. Parents raise chicks for up to three weeks after hatching, feed them intensively for the first few weeks, then gradually less often until they reach independence by 9 to 10 months.
Chickens stay with their parents for up to one to two months before the parents put the next egg in the next year, which is left with them 10-12 months. After leaving their parents, the chicks form a nomadic herd with other teenagers and nonbreeders. They remain in this group until they form a breeding partner between two and seven years.
As a species living on land, sandhill cranes are at risk from predators, which may be the main source of non-human deaths. Mammals such as foxes, raccoons, coyotes, wolves, cougars, bobcats, and lynx hunt them are given a chance, the first three primarily hunt large numbers of young cranes, the latter four rarer species taking adult storks in ambushes except for prolific cat cats. Corvids, like crows and crows, gulls, and smaller raptors like eagles (mostly northern trackers or red-tailed hawks) feed on cranes and young eggs. Cranes of all ages are hunted by both North American species eagles. Especially chicks and perhaps some adults can be eaten by large horned owls and even much smaller peregrin hawks have managed to kill a 3.1 kg (6.8-pound) adult sandhill stork on a veranda. In Oregon and California, the most serious predators of adult flown and adult teens have been referred to as golden eagles and bobcats, the most serious predators of puppies reported to be coyotes, crows, raccoons, American feathers, and large horned owls in a roughly descending order. In Cuba and Florida, crocodiles and American crocodiles can take large numbers of sandhill storks, especially the recent fledglings. The Sandhill cranes defend themselves and their children from air predators by jumping and kicking. Actively contemplating adults are more likely to react aggressively to potential predators to retain their chicks than winter birds, most often trying to avoid attacks by walking or in flight. For land predators, they move forward, often hissing, with open wings and denoting money. If the predator continues, the crane pierces with its bill (which is strong enough to pierce the small carnivorous skull) and kicks.
Status and preservation
Although sand storks are not considered endangered as species, the three southernmost subspecies are quite rare. Population populations, not migratory birds, can not choose safe breeding habitats. Many subpopulations are destroyed by hunting or habitat changes. The larger sand cranes were initially very distressed; in 1940, probably fewer than 1,000 birds remained. The population has rapidly increased once again. At nearly 100,000, they are still fewer than the lower sand cranes, which, in about 400,000 individuals, are the most cranes that live today.
Some of the migrating populations of crane sandhill face a population threat due to interspecific competition with snow geese. Since the 1990s, snow geese have been eating corn waste that also relies on cranes before migration. Despite this and other pressures, since the early 2000s, sandbags have grown both winter (non-breeding) and breeding ranges to the north, including northern New York. In the 21st century, parts of the United States of the Middle West have increased species.
The Florida sandhill cranes are much more common, with around 5,000 remaining. They are most threatened by habitat destruction. In Florida, they are protected by high monetary penalties for killing them, under state and federal law. The transplantation of wild birds and the introduction of birds maintained in appropriate low-population areas have been called viable management techniques.
Crane sandhill Mississippi has lost the most reach; used to live along most of the northern Gulf coast of Mexico, and its distance was almost parapatric with its eastern neighbor. In 2013, around 25 breeding pairs exist in intensively managed populations. Mississippi National Mississippi Sandhill Crane - founded in 1975 when less than 35 birds exist - has the largest release program for cranes on Earth, and 90% of the cranes have been raised in captivity. A decent second egg from the nest of two eggs is sometimes excluded from the nest, beginning in 1965, to be part of a captivated herd. This breeding herd is divided between the Species Survival Center and the White Oak Conservation in Yulee, Florida. These cranes have produced offspring for an annual release to the shelter.
The sand crane in Mississippi is the first bird to hatch from an egg that is fertilized by a melted sperm from a cryogenic state. This took place at the Audubon Institute, as part of this endemic species recovery plan of the subspecies.
About 300 cuban sandhill Cubans exist; this is the least known of the population.
Cranberry cranes have been tried as foster parents for a whooping crane in a reintroduction scheme. It fails when the whooping crane is printed on their foster parents, then does not recognize other whooping cranes as their conspecifics, and fails to try to pair it with a sandhill crane instead.
Vagrancy
Sandhill cranes occasionally reach Europe as homeless. The first British record was at the Fair Isle in April 1981, and the second was at Shetland in 1991. Small groups of sand storks have also been seen in some eastern parts of China.
See also
- Derek in England
- Bosque del Apache National Wildlife Reserve
- Grulla National Wildlife Reserve
- Muleshoe National Wildlife Refuge
References
Further reading
- Meine, Curt D. & amp; Archibald, George W. (eds.) (1996). Sandhill Crane ( Grus canadensis ). In: Derek: - Survey of status and conservation action plan . IUCN, Gland, Switzerland, and Cambridge, U.K.
External links
- Crane International Crane Foundation Crane Page
- Audio file crane "concurrent call" on savecranes.org
- The sound of Derek Sandhill Birds at the Florida Museum of Natural History
- Derek Sandhill Species Account - Cornell Ornithology Lab
- Sandhill Crane - Grus canadensis - USGS Patuxent Bird Identification Information Center
- The Nature Conservancy Species Profile: Sandhill Crane
- The National Audubon Society, Asylum Rowe, Nebraska
- Sandhill Crane Migration on the Nebraska Platte River - Viewing Sites Info & amp; Map, Photo, Video
- Alamosa/Monte Vista/Read National Wildlife Refuge Complex
- Mississippi Sandhill Crane National Wildlife Refuge
- "Sandhill towing media". Bird Bird Collection .
- Stamps (for Canada, Cuba) with Range Map at bird-stamps.com
- Sandhill Crane Migration Revealed by the Satellites Documentary produced by Oregon Field Guide
- Breeding cranes and biology at Sandhill in Alaska at christyyuncker.com
- Sandhill crane photo gallery at VIREO (Drexel University)
- MÃÆ'ºsica de las Grullas: Una historia natural de las grullas de AmÃÆ' Â © rica (2014) by Paul Johnsgard, Enrique Weir, & amp; Karine Gil-Weir
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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