Chinese Herbology (Simplified Chinese: traditional Chinese: Nature describes TCM as "full of pseudoscience", and says the clearest reason why not much healing is that the majority of treatments do not have a logical mechanism of action.
The term herbology is misleading in the sense that, while plant elements are by far the most commonly used substances, animals, humans, and mineral products are also exploited, some of which are toxic. In Neijing they are referred to as ?? [duyao] which means poison, poison, or medicine. Unschuld shows that this is a phallakon similar to the Greek pharmakon and he uses the term "pharmaceutic". So, the term "medicine" (not an herb) is usually preferred as a translation for? (Pinyin: yÃÆ' o ).
The research on the effectiveness of traditional Chinese herbal therapies is of poor quality and often contaminated by bias, with little or no solid evidence of efficacy. There is concern over some potentially toxic Chinese potions.
Video Chinese herbology
Histori
Chinese herbs have been used for centuries. Among the earliest literature was a list of prescriptions for certain diseases, exemplified by the script "Recipes for 52 Diseases", found in the sealed Mawangdui in 168 BC.
The first traditionally recognized herbalist is ShÃÆ'Â © nnÃÆ'³ng (??, lit. "Divine Farmer"), a mythical figure-like figure, who is said to have lived around 2800 BC. He allegedly tasted hundreds of herbs and inculcated his knowledge of medicinal and toxic herbs to farmers. His ShÃÆ' Â © nnÃÆ'³ng B? N C? O J? Ng (?????, Shennong Materia Medica ) is considered the oldest book on Chinese herbalism. It classifies 365 types of roots, grass, wood, feathers, animals and stones into three categories of herbal remedies:
- The "superior" category, which includes effective herbs for many diseases and is largely responsible for maintaining and restoring the body's balance. They have almost no adverse side effects.
- A category consisting of tonics and boosters, whose consumption should not be extended.
- The substance category should normally be taken in small doses, and for the treatment of certain diseases only.
The original text of Materia Medica Shennong has been lost; However, there are translations that still exist. The original date of origin is believed to have fallen into the late Han West dynasty (ie, first century BC).
The Treatise on Cold Damage Disorders and Miscellaneous Illnesses were collected by Zhang Zhongjing, also sometimes at the end of the Han Dynasty, between 196 and 220 CE. Focusing on prescription drugs, it was the first medical work that combined Yinyang and Five Phases with drug therapy. This formulary is also the earliest Chinese medical text to group symptoms into clinically useful "patterns" ( zheng ) that can serve as targets for therapy. After various changes over time, it now circulates as two distinct books: Minutes on Cold Damage Disorder and Essential Recipes of the Gold Box , edited separately in the eleventh century, under the Song dynasty.
Successful generations add to this work, as in Yaoxing Lun (Simplified Chinese: ???; Traditional Chinese: literally "Treatise of Herbal Medicinal Properties"), Tang 7th Century Treatise Chinese Dynasty on herbal medicine.
There has been a shift of emphasis in medicine for several centuries. Parts of Neijing Suwen including Chapter 74 were added by Wang Bing [?? WÃÆ'¡ng B? Ng] in its 765 edition. Where is it said: ?????, ?????, ?????, ????????? "The sovereign of the so-called Sovereign, the aid to the Sovereign is called the Minister, in accordance with the Minister called Envoy (Assistant), not the top three classes (quality) he calls." The last section is interpreted as stating that these three rulers are not the three classes of the previously mentioned ShÃÆ'Ã © nnÃÆ'³ng. This chapter specifically outlines a stronger approach. Then on Zhang Zihe [??? Zh? Ng Z? -hÃÆ'Ã… ©, aka Zhang Cong-zhen] (1156-1228) is credited with establishing a 'School of Attacks' that criticizes the tonus overus.
The most important of these later works is the Compendium of Materia Medica ( Bencao Gangmu : ????) composed during the Ming dynasty by Li Shizhen, which is still in use today for consultation and references.
The use of Chinese herbs is very popular during the middle ages in western Asian and Islamic countries. They are traded through the Silk Road from East to West. Cinnamon, ginger, rhubarb, nutmeg and kubeb are touted as Chinese herbs by medieval Islamic medical experts Like Rhazes (854-925 CE), Haly Abbas (930-994 CE) and Avicenna (980-1037 CE). There are also some similarities between the clinical use of this herb in Chinese medicine and Islam.
Maps Chinese herbology
Raw materials
There are about 13,000 medicines used in China and over 100,000 prescription drugs recorded in ancient literature. Elements and plant extracts are by far the most commonly used elements. In the classic Traditional Drug Handbook from 1941, 517 registered medicines - of these, only 45 are part of the animal, and 30 are minerals. For many plants used as medicines, detailed instructions have been passed on not only on the location and the area in which they grow best, but also about the best time to plant and harvest them.
Some parts of animals used as medicines can be considered rather strange like gallstones.
In addition, the classical materia medica Bencao Gangmu describes the use of 35 traditional Chinese medicine derived from the human body, including bone, nails, hair, dandruff, earwax, dirt on teeth, dirt, urine, sweat. , and organs, but most are no longer used.
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Decoction
Usually, one batch of medicine is prepared as a decoction of about 9 to 18 substances. Some of them are considered as main ingredients, some as additional ingredients; in additional ingredients, up to three categories can be distinguished. Some ingredients are added to eliminate toxicity or side effects from the main ingredient; on top of that, some drugs require the use of other substances as a catalyst.
Chinese patent medicine
Chinese patent medicine (Traditional Chinese: ???, Simplified Chinese: ??, pinyin: zh? ngchÃÆ' Â © ng yÃÆ' o) is a kind of traditional Chinese medicine. They are standard herbal formulas. From ancient times, pills were formed by combining several ingredients and other ingredients, which were dried and ground into powder. They are then mixed with a binder and formed into pills by hand. The binder is traditionally honey. The modern pitcher, however, is extracted in a stainless steel extractor to make a decoction of water or boiling water of alcohol, depending on the herb used. They are extracted at low temperatures (below 100 degrees Celsius) to preserve essential ingredients. The extracted liquid is then further condensed, and some of the raw herb powder from one of the herbal ingredients is mixed to form the herbal dough. The dough is then cut into small pieces, a small amount of excipients added for a smooth and consistent exterior, and they are spun into pills.
These drugs are not patented in the traditional sense of the word. No one has exclusive rights to the formula. On the contrary, "patent" refers to the standardization of the formula. In China, all Chinese patent medicines of the same name will have the same proportion of material, and are manufactured in accordance with PRC Pharmacopoeia, as mandated by law. However, in western countries there may be variations in the proportion of ingredients in patent drugs of the same name, and even different materials altogether.
Some Chinese herbal medicines manufacturers are pursuing FDA clinical trials to market their products as drugs in the US and European markets.
Chinese herbal extract
Chinese herbal extracts are herbal decoctions that have been condensed into granular or powdered forms. Herbal extracts, similar to patent medicines, are easier and more convenient for patients to take. The industry extraction standard is 5: 1, which means for every five pounds of raw material, one pound of herbal extract is derived.
Categorization
In addition to the obt tradisional mengklasifikasikan style:
- Empat Natur (Cina Sederhana: ; tradisional cina: <; pinyin : sÃÆ'¬qÃÆ'¬ )
- Lima Rasa (Cina: ; pinyin: w? w < )
- Garis meridian (Mandarin Sederhana: ; Mandarin tradisional: ; pinyin: j? ngluÃÆ'² )
- Fungsi spesifik.
Nursing status
Four Natures are: hot (?), Warm (?), Cold (?), Cold (?) Or neutral (?), In terms of temperature. Hot and warm herbs are used to treat cold diseases, while cold and cold spices are used to treat heat diseases.
Five Flavors
The Five Flavors, sometimes also translated as Five Tastes , are: acrid/spicy (?), Sweet (?), Bitter (?), Acid (?), And saline (?). Substances may also have more than one taste, or no (ie, flavor). Each of the Five Taste corresponds to one of the zha organs, which in turn corresponds to one of the Five Phases: A sense implies certain properties and is considered therapeutic "action" of a substance: salty taste "flows down and softens the mass hard "; the sweetness is "adding, harmonizing, and moistening"; Sharp substances are thought to cause sweating and act on qi and blood; sourness tends to be astringent (?) in nature; bitterness "heat up, clean up the stomach, and remove moisture".
Specific functions
These categories mainly include:
- exterior-release or exterior-finish
- hot-clean
- drain down or speed up
- wet-damping
- moisture-change
- promoting water movement and dampening moisture or moisture-absorbing
- interior heating
- qi-regulate or qi-aligning
- spreading food accumulation or food spread
- deletion
- stop bleeding or blood stabilizer
- speeds up Blood and removes stasis or blood circulation or moving Blood.
- change sputum, stop cough and calm down or phlegm-change and cough- and panting
- Spirit-quieting or Shen-calming.
- calm the heart and banish the wind or calm the hearts and put out the wind
- orifice opening
- add or strengthen: this includes qi-supplementing, nutritious blood, yin-enriching, and strengthening.
- promote or safeguard astringing and astringing
- vomiting
- substance for external application
Nomenclature
Many herbs get their name from their unique physical appearance. Examples of such names include Niu Xi (Radix cyathulae seu achyranthis), "cow knee," which has large joints that may look like a cow's knee; Bai Mu Er (Fructificatio tremellae fuciformis), eucalyptus ears, 'white and resembling the ears; Gou Ji (Rhizoma cibotii), 'dog spine', which resembles a dog's spine.
Color
Color is not only a valuable means of identifying herbs, but in many cases it also provides information about the herbal therapeutic attributes. For example, yellow herbs are referred to as huang (yellow) or jin (gold). Huang Bai (Cortex Phellodendri) means 'yellow bracelet', and Jin Yin Hua (Flos Lonicerae) has a label of 'silver gold flowers.'
Smell and taste
Unique taste determines the specific name for some substance. Gan means 'sweet,' so Gan Cao (Radix glycyrrhizae) is a "sweet composer," an adequate description for licorice roots. "Ku" means bitter, so Ku Shen (Sophorae flavescentis) is translated as 'a bitter concoction.'
Geographic location
Locations or provinces where herbs grow often become the name of the herb. For example, Bei Sha Shen (Radix glehniae) grew and harvested in northern China, while Nan Sha Shen (Radix adenophorae) originated in Southern China. And the Chinese words for north and south respectively are bei and nan .
Chuan Bei Mu (Bulbus fritillariae cirrhosae) and Chuan Niu Xi (Radix cyathulae) are both found in Sichuan province, as the characters "chuan" indicate in their name.
Function
Some herbs, such as Fang Feng (Radix Saposhnikoviae), literally 'prevent wind,' prevent or treat wind-related diseases. Xu Duan (Radix Dipsaci), literally 'restoring the damaged,' effectively cares for torn soft tissue and broken bones.
Country of origin
Many herbs originating from other countries have been incorporated into the Chinese medica materia. Xi Yang Shen (Radix panacis quinquefolii), imported from North American plants, translated as 'western ginseng', while Dong Yang Shen (Radix ginseng Japonica), is grown and imported from North Asian countries, is 'eastern ginseng'. A similar example is recorded in the text every time geography is important in the selection of herbs.
Toxicity
From the earliest records on the use of drugs to this day, the toxicity of certain substances has been described in all Chinese medica materia. Because TCM has become more popular in the Western world, there is increasing concern about the potential toxicity of many traditional Chinese medicines including plants, animal parts and minerals. For most drugs, efficacy testing and toxicity are based on traditional knowledge rather than laboratory analysis. Toxicity in some cases can be confirmed by modern research (ie, in scorpions); in some cases can not (ie, in Curculigo ). Furthermore, materials may have different names in different places or in historical texts, and different preparations may have the same name for the same reason, which may create inconsistencies and confusion in the creation of drugs, with possible danger of poisoning. Edzard Ernst "concludes that the adverse effects of herbal medicines are an important subject although ignored in dermatology, which deserves further systematic investigation." Research shows that heavy metals are toxic and undeclared drugs found in Chinese herbal medicines may be a serious health problem.
Substances known to be potentially dangerous include aconite, secretions of Asian frogs, peppercorns, Chinese beetles ( Mylabris phalerata, mao), and certain fungi. There are health problems associated with Aristolochia . Toxic effects are also common in Aconitum . To avoid the adverse effects of the poison Xanthium sibiricum must be processed. Hepatotoxicity has been reported with products containing Polygonum multiflorum, glycyrrhizin, Senecio and Symphytum. Evidence suggests that hepatotoxic herbs also include Dictamnus dasycarpus , Astragalus membranaceous , and Paeonia lactiflora ; although there is no evidence that they cause liver damage. Contrary to popular belief, mushroom extract, as an adjunct to cancer immunotherapy, appears to have potential toxicity.
Also, the forgery of some herbal remedies with conventional medicines that can cause serious side effects, such as corticosteroids, phenylbutazone, phenytoin, and glibenclamide, have been reported.
A 2013 review suggests that although the antimalarial potion Artemisia annua may not cause hepatotoxicity, haematotoxicity, or hyperlipidaemia, it should be used with caution during pregnancy because of the potential risk of embryotoxicity at high doses.
However, many adverse reactions are due to the abuse or misuse of Chinese medicine. For example, the misuse of an ephedra (containing ephedrine) dietary supplement may cause side effects including digestive problems as well as sudden death from cardiomyopathy. Products faked with drugs to lose weight or erectile dysfunction are one of the main problems. Chinese herbal medicine has been a major cause of acute liver failure in China.
Most Chinese herbs are safe but some have proven not. Reports indicate products contaminated with faulty medicines, toxins, or reporting materials. Some herbs used in TCM may also react with drugs, have side effects, or are harmful to people with certain medical conditions.
Benefits
Regarding traditional Chinese herbal therapies, there are few tests that are considered to be adequate methodologies by scientific standards, which show that evidence of effectiveness is not well-documented or absent. Cochrane review in 2016 found "insufficient evidence that Chinese Herbal Medicines are more or less effective than placebo or Hormonal Therapy" to relieve menopausal-related symptoms. The 2012 Cochrane Review found no difference in mortality reduction when Chinese herbs were used alongside Western medicine versus Western medicine exclusively. The 2010 Cochrane review found that there was not enough compelling evidence to support the effectiveness of traditional Chinese herbs to stop bleeding from hemorrhoids. A Cochrane 2008 review found promising evidence for the use of Chinese herbal medicine in relieving painful menstruation, compared with conventional medicines such as NSAIDs and oral contraceptive pills, but these findings have low methodological quality. A review of Cochrane 2012 found weak evidence suggesting that some Chinese medicinal herbs have the same effect in preventing and treating influenza when compared with antiviral drugs. Due to the poor quality of medical research, there is sufficient evidence to support or reject the use of Chinese medicinal herbs for influenza treatment. There is a need for larger and higher-quality randomized clinical trials to determine how effective Chinese herbal medicine is to treat people with influenza. A Cochrane 2005 review found that despite weak evidence for the use of a single herb, there is low quality evidence that some Chinese medicinal herbs may be effective for the treatment of acute pancreatitis.
Successful results have been scarce: artemisinin, for example, which is an effective treatment for malaria, is found from potions traditionally used to treat fevers. Chinese herbology is largely pseudosain, without a valid action mechanism for most treatments.
Ecological impact
The traditional practice of using (now) endangered species is controversial in TCM. Modern Materia Medicas like the comprehensive Chinese herbal text Bensky, Clavey and Stogers discuss the substance that comes from an endangered species in the appendix, emphasizing alternatives.
Part of the endangered species used as TCM drugs include tiger bone and rhino horn. Hunters supply the black market with such substances, and the black market in rhino horns, for example, has reduced the world rhino population by more than 90 percent over the last 40 years. Concerns also arise over the use of turtle plastron and sea horses.
TCM recognizes bear bile as a medicine. In 1988, the Chinese Ministry of Health began controlling the production of bile, which previously used bears killed before winter. Now the bear is equipped with a kind of permanent catheter, which is more advantageous than killing the bear. More than 12,000 black asiatic bears were held at "bear farms", where they suffered cruel conditions while being held in small cages. The catheter leads through a permanent hole in the stomach directly into the gallbladder, which can cause severe pain. Increasing international interest has largely stopped the use of bile outside of China; gallbladder of slaughtered cattle (niÃÆ'º d? n/??/??) is recommended as a substitute for this ingredient.
Gathering American ginseng to help Asian traditional medicine trade has made ginseng the wildest plant most harvested in North America over the past two centuries, eventually leading to a list in Appendix II CITES.
Herbs used
Chinese herbology is a pseudoscientific practice with potentially unreliable product quality, safety hazards or misleading health advice. There are regulatory bodies, such as China GMP (Good Manufacturing Process) of herbal products. However, there are important cases about the absence of quality control during the preparation of herbal products. Lack of high-quality scientific research on herbological practices and product effectiveness for anti-disease activity. In the herbal sources listed below, there is little or no evidence for success or evidence of safety across the consumer age group and the condition of the illness they are referring to.
There are over 300 commonly used herbs. Some of the most commonly used herbs are Ginseng (??/??, rÃÆ'Â © nsh? N ), wolfberry (???), dong quai Angelica sinensis,?/?, d? Nggu? ), astragalus (??/??, huÃÆ'¡ngqÃÆ' ), atractylodes (??/??, bÃÆ'¡izhÃÆ'º ), bupleurum (??, chÃÆ'¡ihÃÆ'º ), cinnamon (cinnamon twig (??, i) guÃÆ'¬zh? ) and cinnamon skin (??, rÃÆ'²uguÃÆ'¬ )), coptis (??/??, huÃÆ'¡ngliÃÆ'¡n ), ginger (?/?, ji? ng ), hoelen (??, fÃÆ'ºlÃÆ'ng ), licorice (??, i> ephedra sinika (??/??, mÃÆ'¡huÃÆ'¡ng ), peony (white: ??, bÃÆ'¡ishÃÆ'¡o and redness : ??, chÃÆ'¬shÃÆ'¡o ), rehmannia (??/??, dÃÆ'¬huÃÆ'¡ng ), rhubarb (??/??, dÃÆ' huÃÆ' ¡Ng ), and salvia (??/??, d? Nsh? N ).
Chinese Ginseng
- See: Panax notoginseng
The use of Chinese ginseng (??) has been more than 2,000 years in Chinese medicine. Constituents include steroidal saponins known as ginsenosides, The amount of ginsenosides in Chinese ginseng depends on how the plants are cultivated and the age of the roots. Wild Chinese ginseng, believed to have the highest TCM quality, has become rare in its natural habitat, so natural fertilization efforts are used to mimic wild varieties. Chinese ginseng can be white or red, depending on how the process. White Chinese Ginseng is not processed and dried naturally. Chinese red ginseng is processed with steam and, in TCM, is believed to be stronger
- TCM Lore:
- Properties: Sweet, Bitter, Warm.
- Channels: Lung, Spleen, Heart. American Ginseng
- View: Panax quinquefolius
- TCM Lore:
- Property: Sweet, Slightly Bitter, Cold.
- Channels: Heart, Kidney, Lung.
- View: Eleutherococcus senticosus
- TCM Lore:
- Properties: Pungent, Acrid, Little Bitter, Warm.
- Channels: Spleen, Heart, Kidney.
- TCM Information:
- Species : Lycium barbarum .
- Pinyin : Gou Qi Zi. (???)
- Common Name : Chinese Wolfberry.
- Quality : Sweet, Neutral.
- Meridian: Heart, Lung, Kidney.
- TCM Information:
- Species : Angelica sinensis .
- Pinyin : Dang Gui.
- Common Name : Chinese Angelica Root.
- Quality : Sweet, Spicy (Hot), Warm.
- Meridian: Heart, Heart, Spleen.
- TCM Information:
- Species : Astragalus membranaceus .
- Pinyin : Huang Qi.
- Common Names : Astragalus Root, Milkvetch Root.
- Quality : Sweet, Slightly warm.
- Meridian : Lung, Spleen.
- TCM Information:
- Species : Atractylodes lancea .
- Pinyin : Cang Zhu. (??)
- Common Name : Atractylodes Rhizomes.
- Quality : Pungent (Acrid), Bitter, Warm.
- Meridian : Spleen, Abdominal.
- TCM Information:
- Species : Bupleurum chinense .
- Pinyin : Chai Hu. (??)
- Common Name : Hare's Ear Root.
- Quality : Bitter, Pungent (Acrid), Cool.
- Meridian : Gall bladder, Liver, Pericardium, San Jiao.
- TCM Information:
- Species : Cinnamomum cassia .
- Pinyin : Gui Zhi. (??)
- Common Name : Cinnamon Twig.
- Quality : Spicy (Spicy), Sweet, Warm.
- Meridian: Heart, Lung, Bladder.
- Species : Cinnamomum cassia .
- Pinyin : Rou Gui. (??)
- Common Name : Cinnamon Skin.
- Quality : Spicy (hot), Sweet, Hot.
- Meridian : Heart, Kidney, Liver, Spleen.
- TCM Information:
- Species : Coptis chinensis .
- Pinyin : Huang Lian. (??)
- Common Name : Coptis Rhizome.
- Quality : Bitter, Cold.
- Meridian : Heart, Colon, Heart, Stomach.
- TCM Information:
- Species : Zingiber officinalis .
- Pinyin : Sheng Jiang (??).
- Common Name : Fresh Ginger Rhizome.
- Quality : Pungent (Acrid), Slightly warm.
- Meridian : Lung, Spleen, Abdominal.
- Species : Zingiber officinalis .
- Pinyin : Gan Jiang (??).
- Common Name : Dry Ginger Rhizome.
- Quality : Pungent (Acrid), Hot.
- Meridian : Heart, Lung, Spleen, Stomach.
- TCM Information:
- Species: Glycyrrhiza inflata or Glycyrrhiza glabra .
- Pinyin: Gan Cao. (??)
- Common Name: Licorice Root.
- Quality: Sweet, Neutral.
- Meridian: All 12 channels, but especially Heart, Lung, Spleen, Stomach.
- TCM Information:
- Species : Ephedra sinica or Ephedra intermedia .
- Pinyin : Ma Huang. (??)
- Common Name : Ephedra Stem.
- Quality : Spicy (Spicy), Slightly Bitter, Warm.
- Meridian: Lung, Bladder.
- TCM Information:
- Species : Paeonia lactiflora .
- Pinyin : Bai Shao. (??)
- Common Name : White Peony Root.
- Quality : Bitter, Sour, Cool.
- Meridian : Liver, Spleen.
- Spesies : Paeonia lactiflora atau Paeonia veitchii .
- Pinyin : Chi Shao. (??)
- Nama Umum : Akar Peony Merah.
- Kualitas : Sour, Bitter, Cool.
- Meridian : Hati, Limpa.
- TCM Information:
- Species : Rehmannia glutinosa .
- Pinyin : Sheng Di Huang. (???)
- Common Name : Raw Chinese Foxglove Root.
- Quality : Sweet, Bitter, Cold.
- Meridians : Heart, Kidney, Heart.
- Species : Rehmannia glutinosa .
- Pinyin : Shu Di Huang. (???)
- Common Name : Chinese Rooted Root Prepared with Wine.
- Quality : Sweet, Slightly warm.
- Meridians : Heart, Kidney, Heart.
- TCM Information:
- Species : Rheum palmatum , Rheum ranguticum , or Rheum officinale .
- Pinyin : Da Huang.
- Common Name : Rhubarb Root and Rhizome.
- Quality : Bitter, Cold.
- Meridian : Heart, Colon, Heart, Stomach.
- TCM Information:
- Species : Salvia miltiorrhiza .
- Pinyin : Dan Shen.
- Common Name : Salvia Root.
- Quality : Bitter, Cool.
- Meridians : Heart, Pericardium, Liver.
- John K. Chen and Tina T. Chen (2004): "Chinese Medical Herbology and Pharmacology". ISBNÃ, 0-9740635-0-9
- John K. Chen and Tina T. Chen (2009): "Pocket Atlas of Chinese Medicine". ISBN 978-0-9740635-7-7
- Ergil, M. et al. (2009): Thieme's "Pocket Atlas of Chinese Medicine". ISBN: 978-3-13-141611-7
- Foster, S. & amp; Yue, C. (1992): "Herbal messenger: bringing Chinese herbs to the West". Press Healing Art. ISBN 978-0-89281-349-0
- Kiessler, Malte (2005): "Traditionelle Chinesische Innere Medizin". Elsevier, Urban & amp; FischerVerlag. ISBN: 978-3-437-57220-3
- Goldschmidt, Asaf (2009). Evolution of Chinese Medicine: Song Dynasty, 960-1200 . London and New York: Routledge. ISBN: 978-0-415-42655-8
- Sivin, Nathan (1987). Traditional Medicine in Contemporary China . Ann Arbor: Center for Chinese Studies, University of Michigan. ISBN 978-0-89264-074-4
- Unschuld, Paul U. (1985). Medicines in China: History of Ideas . Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN: 978-0-520-05023-5
- Xu, L. & amp; Wang, W. (2002) "Chinese materia medica: combination and application" Donica Publishing Ltd. First edition. ISBN 978-1-901149-02-9
- Quotes related to traditional Chinese medicine on Wikiquote
The population of American wild ginseng is considered less abundant than in the 18th and early 19th centuries, due to habitat loss, harvesting pressures and excessive deer exploration. Today's American ginseng products are generally derived from naturally-grown varieties, to mimic wild varieties.
Siberian Siberia
Ginkgo
Mushroom
Mushrooms have long been used as medicinal food and as tea in Chinese herbology.
Wolfberry
Wolfberry (???) planted in Ningxia from the bush with long vines. The bushes were covered with tiny trumpet-shaped flowers, which turned into bright red berries. Fruits are usually consumed fresh and sometimes when dried
Dang Gui
Dang Gui (??, Angelica sinensis) or "ginseng female") is an aromatic herb that grows in China, Korea, and Japan.
Astragalus
Astragalus (??) is root.
Atractylodes
Bupleurum
Cinnamon
Cinnamon (??, ??), mostly gui zhi and rou gui , is the twig and bark of a large tropical tree species.
Coptis chinensis
The rhizome Coptis chinensis is one of the most bitter herbs used in Chinese medicine.
Ginger
Ginger (?) Is a herb and spice used in Chinese cuisine. There are four main types of preparation in Chinese herbology: fresh ginger, dried ginger, roasted ginger, and ginger charcoal, all made from rhizomes.
Licorice
Ephedra
Peony
Peony has two varieties: bai shao ("bai" = white) and chi shao ("chi" = red). Plant roots are used in both varieties
Rehmannia
Rehmannia (??) is the root in which the dark and moist parts of the herb are used
Rhubarb
Rhubarb (??), used as a medicine for its roots, is one of the first herbs to be exported from China
Salvia
Salvia (??) is the deep root of Chinese sage plants
50 basic herbs
In Chinese herbology, there are 50 "fundamental" herbs, as given in the reference text, although this herb is not universally acknowledged as such in other texts. Herbs are:
Other Chinese herbs
In addition to the above, many other Chinese herbs and other commonly used substances, and these include:
See also
References
External links
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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